Apple vs Samsung

Which one is better, Apple or Samsung? Alongside the quick advancement of science and innovation, electronic items has turned into a significant piece of our life. What's more, there are numerous electronic organizations on the planet, for example, Apple, Sony and Samsung. Apple and Samsung are two of the most acclaimed electronic organizations on the planet. The two of them produce inexhaustible sorts of electronic items, for example, cell phones, tablets and PCs. So there are numerous correlations of these two organizations' items. In 2011, there is a claim of Apple charged the Samsung that they harm their numerous licenses in samrtphones and tablets fields (Jackson, 3).Also Apple's objection included explicit government claims for patent encroachment, bogus assignment of beginning, uncalled for rivalry, and trademark encroachment, just as state-level cases for unreasonable rivalry. (Jackson, 4)Although Apple won the claim, anyway after that the Samsung blamed Apple also. Furthermo re, these claims are as yet ceaseless. These make individuals give more consideration of the correlation of the two organizations. Numerous individuals need to know which one is the best electronic organization on the planet. To address this inquiry various individuals have distinctive ideas.Most individuals think Apple is better, anyway others lean toward Samsung. What's more, after are explores about the two organizations, they will explain to individuals the reasons that why Apple is better. Apple Inc. is a worldwide company headquartered in Cupertino, California that plans, creates, and sells shopper hardware, PC programming, and PCs. The organization was established on April 1, 1976, and fused on January 3, 1977( â€, para. 9). There are numerous sorts of items that it produce, anyway Its most popular equipment items are the Mac line of PCs, the iPod, the iPhone and the iPad. Additionally Case Study will depict why Apple Inc. is an exceptionally effective company.Its programming incorporates the OS X and iOS working frameworks and the iTunes media program ( Fisher , 3). Apple is the world's third-biggest cell phone creator after Samsung and Nokia. Fortune magazine named Apple the most appreciated organization in the United States in 2008, and on the planet from 2008 to 2012 (Fisher, 5). Be that as it may, the organization has gotten broad analysis for its contractual workers' work rehearses, and for Apple's own ecological and strategic approaches (Musgrove, 35). Every one of these things disclose to us that Apple is an effective organization and it have an incredible quality. pic] Figure 1 The logo of Apple This logo is the logo of the Apple Inc. The shiny white give an individual with science and innovation feeling. This is the importance of the logo: the gnaw off the hole stimulate the interest of individuals, question, need to know the flavor of apple will by and by have a taste (Niv N. P. ). As per Michael M. Scott the previous leader of Apple Inc. â€Å"it is the most costly and imaginative logo at any point structured. â€Å"( para, 5) Samsung is a South Korean worldwide combination organization headquartered in Samsung Town, Seoul.It contains various auxiliaries and associated organizations, the vast majority of them joined under the Samsung brand, and is the biggest South Korean organization. Samsung creates around a fifth of South Korea's all out fares and its incomes are bigger than numerous nations' GDP; in 2006, it would have been the world's 35th-biggest economy. The organization affects South Korea's financial turn of events, governmental issues, media and culture, and has been a significant main impetus behind the â€Å"Miracle on the Han River† (kelly, 56). Samsung is additionally an incredible organization, it is the South Korea's national industry.And it is the pride of all the South Korea individuals. Too Samsung is an organization has a long history, it was made up in 1938, and with the 75 years of improvement, it has turned into a world-class organization. Samsung likewise has numerous acclaimed items, however the most notable is the Galaxy arrangement items, for example, cell phones Galaxy s3 and tablets Galaxy note2. [pic]Figure 2 The logo of Samsung This figure is the logo of Samsung organization, it is a brief and clear structure, and the sideling foundation communicated Samsung individuals' certain and ambitious soul (Niv N. P. ).All above show individuals the amazing of the Samsung organization, it has the solidarity to rival the Apple organization. With the quick advancement of innovation, a ton of new stuff showed up. These items become the most impressive things to demonstrate the innovation of their organization. Numerous specialists do investigates to analyze these results of two organizations since items can tell individuals the nature of each organization unmistakably . What's more , all the items top class items from cell phones and tablets advertise. For example, iphone5 and system s3. Individuals look at each detail of them and attempt discover which one is better.Through Chaffin's exploration individuals can found that a great deal of confirmations that accept iphone5 is better. Right off the bat, iphone5 disclosed at 2012 September, at the primary week, iPhone 5 sold millions. Indeed, even world s3 sold 10 millions units during 4 months, iphone5 simply cost 7 days got the half number of cosmic system s3 sold for four months( Chaffin, 1). At that point, he make some further investigation that start with structure. The main part of iphone5 is 7. 6mm and galaxy3 is 8. 6 mm. iPhone 5 just makes the body as slender as could reasonably be expected, a full millimeter not exactly Samsung world 3. ( Chaffin, 3). Furthermore, apple has likewise attempt to cause the telephone to feel somewhat less extreme in the hand.Even there additionally had some sl ight issue occurred on iphone5, in light of a piece of external skin made by aluminum ,the character is progressively simpler be damaged. A great deal of client feels a little furious about this. Next, for screen, clearly universe 3’s is greater. yet, the Apple's innovation is higher. it makes the screen looks all the more clear. For power, much the same as before iPhone consistently use non-removable battery and cosmic system utilize removable battery(Chaffin, 3). As per this examination, they think iPhone5 is better than world s3. From this, Apple is better than Samsung in Smartphone field.When it comes to tablet advertise. As indicated by Catanzariti the tablet master ,†New cushion have the best shout â€â€˜retina'. The ‘retina' screen is by a long shot and away the best presentation on any cell phone we've gone over. (page, 2) . Individuals can see the writings on this screen all the more obviously and without any problem. Indeed, even Photos and recordi ngs look splendid and striking can have a superior introduction. The iPad's screen is sharp to the point that it continually features the low nature of numerous pictures on the Internet ( Catanzariti, para3). By correlation, the Samsung Galaxy Note 10. 1 has a bigger screen with a somewhat standard low goals .Whatever from the definition or the introduction of writings and pictures Samsung Galaxy Note less the than the new iPad. This implies it won't have the option to show a similar overly fresh content as higher goals screens. ( Catanzariti, para5). So most analysts lean toward New iPad, and it can demonstrate that Apple is better than Samsung in tablet field. In PC showcase, Apple is better , Apple's PCs, for example, Macbook is one of the top class PCs on the planet, and Samsung don't has any PC arrive at it. Youngsters incline toward Apple's PCs since its style appearance structure and they give them a feeling of science and technology.However, the Samsung's PC don't have these components, simply have a typical appearance. Grown-up individuals lean toward Apple's PCs since they have an ideal working framework, and it's very assistance for structure and other expert works. Likewise , Apple PCs clients are multiple seasons of Samsung's clients in the USA ( â€, para 7). Specialists likewise do numerous investigates of fulfillment. As per J. D. POWER& ASSOCIATES 2012 U. S. TABLET SATISFACTION STUDY, apple tablets are beat in consumer loyalty. The examination estimated fulfillment utilizing five factors on a consolidated 1,000 point among client who utilized their tablet for under 2 years.The factors incorporate, for example, execution, simplicity of activity, styling and configuration, highlights, and cost. [pic]Figure 3 Tops In User Satisfaction:TWICE: This Week in Consumer Electronics Figure 3 show Apple’s tablet fulfillment is generally high, accomplishing a score of 848 by thinking about well in execution, simplicity of activity, styling and structure, and highlights. Amazon followed intently at 841, and Samsung came in third as got 827 rating. What's more, beneath the business normal of 832 focuses, trailed by Acer, Barnes &Noble, and HP. Hole among Samsung and Apple's score of 21.Although it is a low number ,his is definitely not a number to be disregarded, in light of the fact that the clients number of their tablets are high. In correlation with the main Apple and Samsung, as this examination, client favor Apple’s tablet more than Samsung’s tablet. A few people can say that this examination alone, in this paper’s end can't state Apple is better. In any case, The review depended on encounters announced by 1,985 tablet proprietors in July 2012. (Calif, para 6) Overall fulfillment was 857 among proprietors who watch at least three hours of video for each week on their tablet, or 45 focuses more than individuals who don’t. Calif, para7) moreover, individuals who burn through at least thr ee hours seeing video are bound to buy another tablet from their present producer later on than are the individuals who don't look as much video content, the organization said. The rates are 90 percent and 81 percent, individually. The overview likewise found that tablet proprietors burn through 7. 5 hours out of every week perusing the Internet, watching recordings, tuning in to music and perusing books on their gadget contrasted and 9. 6 hours out of each week on a PC for similar exercises. As can see, tablet was utilized different capacities and various perform by applications that utilization the ace. Calif, para 8) When seen from an assortment of utilized tablet, Can expect that the Apple tablet inclination and different Apple’s items are additionally better than Samsung’s one. As referenced before in this paper, just as that Appl

Discussion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 33

Conversation - Coursework Example In this respects, APNs assume a key job in upgrading EBP appropriation as it stays more as a perfect as opposed to a reality in numerous clinical consideration setting. In my unit, a propelled practice nurture is significant in improving the reception of proof based practice through encouraging the fitting hierarchical culture and initiative. It is critical for the unit to select pioneers and staff that perceive and esteem proof based practice and research usage in improving consideration arrangement. This can be additionally accomplished by instructing the staff on the significance of EBP usage and potential methods of appropriation. Help and backing in the process are likewise essential. Along these lines, a propelled practice nurture has a job in guaranteeing that the fundamental assets and conditions are accessible to accomplish achievement in the unit. This incorporates the arrangement of the proper time of rehearsing EBP and guaranteeing that the right number of staff (staffing) are accessible in improving the procedure. Besides, the propelled practice nurture has a job in improving further research in my unit to decide any extra factors that may impact or encourage the selection of EBP. Propelled practice nurture have been noted to be on the bleeding edge of using EBP in the clinical setting in advancing the patients security and their insight is urgent in advancing such practices among different groups, for example, my unit (Gerrish et al., 2012). Fagerstrã ¶m, L., and Glasberg, A. L. (2011). The main assessment of the propelled practice nurture job in Finland - the point of view of medical attendant pioneers. Diary of Nursing Management, 19, 925â€932. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2011.01280.x Gerrish, K., Nolan, M., Mcdonnell, A., Tod, A., Kirshbaum, M., and Guillaume, L. (2012). Components Influencing Advanced Practice Nurses’ Ability to Promote Evidence-Based Practice among Frontline Nurses. Perspectives on Evidence-Based Nursing, 9, 30â€39.

How to Write a College Level Research Paper

How to Write a College Level Research Paper How to Succeed in Writing College Research Paper Research papers are common assignments at colleges and universities. Writing a long research paper is a great challenge for most of us, especially those who have never written anything longer than several pages earlier, so lots of students consider this task daunting and feel distressed at the very thought that these challenging assignments account for the most part of their college grades. If you are not one of those few lucky people who can easily churn out an A-worthy research paper, follow these guidelines on how to write a college level research paper, and you are certain to increase your chances to impress your professor. The process of writing a college research paper can be divided into several logical steps which you should follow. Choose a good topic for your research paper. This might be time-consuming and you may find lots of research paper topic ideas for college students on the internet if you do a preliminary research. Choose broad college research paper topic ideas that interest you most of all and make sure you can find enough information on the topic you choose. When considering research paper ideas for college, you should avoid controversial and sensational topics and the topics that are too technical. Narrow your topic, keeping in mind the length of your research paper. Write a strong thesis statement that presents the viewpoint that you are going to support with convincing evidence in your research paper. Make a preliminary list of potential sources of information and evaluate them, choosing only credible relevant sources and make sure that they are up-to-date and available in the library or online. Make a working outline that will help you organize your notetaking. Read actively and take notes. Make summaries of the main points in your own words and note the source of every summary. Make the final outline and divide your topics into subtopics. Write the rough draft and concentrate on the content sticking to the outline. As your rough draft will be revised later several times, there is no need to worry too much about spelling and punctuation. Edit your paper: read it, revise and rewrite, paying special attention to the content and organization of your research paper. Revise and rewrite your paper several times to make sure it is good in content and style. Write the final draft, including citation and bibliography, and a title page if required. Before submitting your paper, proofread it to eliminate mechanical errors and typos. What Is College Research Paper Format? Many academic disciplines have different requirements for organizing a research paper. So you should always ask your professor what basic layout you have to use when writing your college paper. Besides, you can check style guides (APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, etc.) for more information about your college research paper outline and format. This is a basic format for any traditional college level research paper: I.The Abstract is a clear and concise summary of the entire research paper. II.The Introduction starts broad and ends with a specific thesis statement or a research question. III.Background/ Literature Review section is common for research papers that rely on secondary research. IV.Methodology section gives a detailed description of the research design in academic papers that rely on primary research. V.The Results section is included in academic papers that rely on primary research and presents the results of the experiment. VI.Argument/Critique/Discussion section is usually the lengthiest and includes a thorough discussion, argument or critique. This section also gives a precise interpretation of results in academic papers that rely on primary research. VII.Conclusion reinforces the major claims and may suggest further research. VIII.Work Cited/References section presents the list of sources. Keep in mind that not all of the academic research papers may require all these sections. Besides, particular college assignments may have specific requirements with a different layout than this one. If your paper is written in APA format, you have to create a college research paper cover page which should include the page number, the running head, the title, and the personal details. If your research paper is formatted in MLA, you don’t usually have to make a cover page but some college instructors may require you to do it so you should always check their requirements. If you feel that your writing and analytical skills are not up to the task of completing a strong college level research paper on your own, you can hire a professional writer on our custom writing service. Our experienced writers can write a perfect content on any research paper topics for college. They will provide you with the necessary support and you will get a perfectly-written model research paper on your topic. In this way, you will save tons of free time, feel more confident and get good grades.

Ea Enables Essay - 1355 Words

Enterprise Architecture Enables Processes Paper Introduction Enterprise Architecture is defined as the representation of all the components, processes and policies of an organization. Architecture is the process of moving a business vision and strategy into effective change, communicating the current capabilities and rethinking the principles and models that describe the future state of the company and facilitate their evolution (Fui-Hoon, Lee-Shang, and Kuang, 2001). Enterprise Architecture is a strategic practice, which connects the relationship between business initiatives that leverage technology, to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses, and develop strategies for transformation, from the current architecture to an†¦show more content†¦The organization can identify methods that need to be change or improved. In addition, the architecture allows the organizations to recognize current and future objectives (Schekkerman,2003). The concept development phase begins the life cycle when a need is identified and requires developing a system or change a legacy system identified. During this phase, the need is identified it is documented then a feasibility study is conducted. The approach selected should be approved and also funds to be used in the planning phase. The EA enhances and allows the concept development phase. It has an adaptable documentation option that can be used to document the discover needs. The planning phase starts after identifying the project and allocating resources to the project, and then a project plan is created. The plan records the process that will be used to solve the problem. The plan states the process and resources to be used in the project. The requirement definition phase permits organizations to set and define the functional user requirements for a project. The functional user requirements are stated in the functional requirements document. The requirements are grouped in categories such as data, system performance and security. The requirements are also assemble in terms of maintainability and support. The managers determine whether the requirements offer the right basis to design the system. In this phase managers alsoShow MoreRelatedEssay on Avon Corp Case1205 Words   |  5 PagesIn  order  to  begin  to  understand  the  industry  in  which  Avon  functions  as  well  as  the  specifics around  the  introduction  of  the  new  EAS  drive,  I  used  the  5Cs  analysis  to  outline  the  company’s  current situation. 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Essay on Overcoming Trauma in J.D. Salingers The Catcher...

Overcoming Trauma in J.D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye In The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Holden is in a rest home, where he speaks about his past and discusses his thoughts and feelings of his memories. Holden tells about his life including his past experiences at many different private schools, most recently Pensey Prep, his friends, and his late brother Allie which led to Holden’s own mental destruction. I believe that Holden Caulfield is mentally disturbed and shows many signs of it throughout the novel. Problems in Holden’s life that have led him to this rest home are the death of his brother Allie, his multiple failures throughout his academic career, and his distress about moving on in life. Holden deals with†¦show more content†¦Holden Caulfield is mentally disturbed and would need to approach his issues if he had any desire of resolving his turmoil. Holden has experienced clusters of severe trauma throughout his entire life. His brother Allie died of Leukemia a few years ago and Holden was so upset that he punched all of the windows out in his garage that night. Neither Holden, nor his family have yet to deal with the loss of Allie, which clearly affected Holden very much. Also Holden was a witness to James Castle’s suicide at a private school that he once attended. James Castle had been bullied and could no longer handle the situation, so he resorted to suicide by hurling himself out of a building window and falling to his death. Although Holden was not incredibly close with James Castle, he was still affected deeply by the sight of the incident. I believe that Holden’s response to these traumatic events is understandable because he had seen and been through so many horrid ordeals in his life, and he did not have the ability to cope with these issues. Holden Caulfield does not know how to handle himself now because he has not previously dealt with his feelings. Even though Holden is disturbed and mentally unstable he does demonstrate healthy psychol ogical traits such as the way that he speaks of his younger sister Phoebe. Holden cares deeply for his sister and always speaks very highly of her. Holden is able to acquire a caring, loving relationship with

After the Order of Melchizedek Free Essays

Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies Theological Seminary â€Å"After the Order of Melchizedek† A Term Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Course: THST 619 Doctrine of the Sanctuary by Ralph D Bock October 2009 Table of Contents CHAPTER 11 INTRODUCTION1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY4 DELIMITATION5 METHODOLOGY5 CHAPTER 27 TYPOLOGY OF JESUS AND MELCHIZEDEK7 WHAT IS TYPOLOGY? 7 WHO IS MELCHIZEDEK? 8 AFTER THE ORDER OF MELCHIZEDEK10 CHAPTER 316 SUMMARY, FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION16 BIBLIOGRAPHY19 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION WHAT IS THE MEANING OF THE PHRASE â€Å"AFTER THE ORDER OF MELCHIZEDEK? † PSALM 110 SPEAKS ABOUT A PERSON WHO IS A KING AND A PRIEST, BUT IN THE HISTORY OF ISRAEL THERE WAS NEVER SUCH A KING. IT COULD BE THAT THE PSALM SPEAKS ABOUT A FUTURE KING-PRIEST. IT IS OBVIOUS THAT IT DEALS NOT WITH A HISTORICAL KING, BUT WITH THE MESSIAH. We will write a custom essay sample on After the Order of Melchizedek or any similar topic only for you Order Now [1] The prediction of Jesus’ priesthood according to the order of Melchizedek indicated that the Aaronic priesthood was transitory (Heb 7 verses 11–14), and imperfect—that is, salvation from sin—was not possible through the Aaronic priesthood. This meant that God intended to change the priestly law, making it possible for one who was not a descendant of Aaron to become a High Priest. Once the new High Priest after the order of Melchizedek arrived, the typical priesthood would end (verses 15–19). Christ became priest, not on the basis of genealogical ties, but by a divine declaration. His priesthood is permanent because His life is indestructible. [2] This is called in biblical theology typology. Whether or not typology can legitimately be embraced in the interpretation of certain messianic prophecies is by far the most controversial question. One area of OT typology was that of typical individuals who served as prototypes both of other individuals within the OT and of Christ; in addition, the Melchizedek of Genesis 14:18-20 served as an individual type of the Messiah within the OT, as evinced in Psalm 110:4; and that the author of the Book of Hebrews utilized the Melchizedekian typology already employed within the OT canon to further his arguments for the supremacy of the priesthood of Jesus to that of the Levites. [3] Matthew Henry and et al. reference to Hebrew 7. that Melchizedek met Abraham returning from the rescue of Lot, Melchizedek’s name, â€Å"King of Righteousness,† doubtless suitable to his character, marked him as a type of the Messiah and his kingdom. The name of his city signified â€Å"Peace;† and as King of Peace he typified Christ, the Prince of Peace, the great Reconciler of God and man. Nothing is recorded as to the beginning or end of his life; thus he typically resembled the Son of God, whose existence is from everlasting to everlasting, who had no one that was before Him, and will have no one come after Him, in His priesthood. Every part of Scripture honors the great King of Righteousness and Peace, our glorious High Priest and Savior; and the more we examine it, the more we shall be convinced, that the testimony of Jesus is the spirit of prophecy. [4] There are strong parallels between Melchizedek and Jesus: both are the Sons of God, priest of the Order of Melchizedek, King of Righteous, King of Peace, appointed by God, eternal priesthood, and preexistent. Statement of the Problem The problem this paper espouses is embodied in the questions: What was so special about the order of Melchizedek? Why would God juxtapose the order of Melchizedek to that of Jesus if there where no credence to it? Significance of the study The study is significant because it will explore the intertextual study of Melchizedek in relation to Jesus Christ. The study is vital because it will contribute to the knowledge of bringing to focus the importance of Jesus’ priesthood as superior and more elevating and able to meet the needs of God’s people during the closing days of earth’s history. Purpose of the Study The main thrust of this paper is to provide a clearer view of the superior and excellent perception of Jesus’ priesthood as efficacious enough for the people of God. In reality, Jesus Christ is the only true priestly mediator between God and the human race. The priesthoods of Aaron and Melchizedek serve only as role models of Christ’s effective ministry. â€Å"For there is one God, and there is one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus, who gave himself as a ransom for all, the testimony to which was borne at the proper time† (1 Tim. 2:5,6). [5] Delimitation The paper will be delimited to the few pericopes about Melchizedek in Genesis 14, Psalm 110 and the letter to the Hebrews chapter 7. Methodology This is a qualitative research that describes Melchizedek and Jesus’ priesthood from Jewish and Christian sources. Chapter 1 is a description of the introduction that includes the significance of study, purpose and the delimitation of the research. Chapter 2 contains the literature review that extrapolates sources from Jewish, Christian, and non-Christian literature to expound on Melchizedek and Jesus’ priesthood as relevant to the plan of salvation. Chapter 3 is the conclusion with the focus on the summary and findings of the research work. Chapter 2 TYPOLOGY OF JESUS AND MELCHIZEDEK WHAT IS TYPOLOGY? Exactly what is a type? Theologically speaking, a type may be defined as â€Å"a figure or ensample of something future and more or less prophetic, called the ‘Antitype’†. [6] Muenscher says a type is â€Å"the preordained representative relation which certain persons, events, and institutions of the Old Testament bear to corresponding persons, events, and institutions in the New†. 7] Wick Broomall has a concise statement that is helpful: â€Å"A type is a shadow cast on the pages of the Old Testament history by a truth whose full embodiment or antitype is found in the New Testament revelation†. [8] We would, in summary, suggest the following definition, which we paraphrase from Terry: A type is a real, exalted happening in history which was divinely ordained by the omniscient God to be a prophetic picture of the good things which he purposed to bring to fruition in Christ Jesus. Who is Melchizedek? The identification of Melchizedek has been highly debated in the history of the church. Jewish tradition has identified Melchizedek with Shem, the son of Noah who, after the chronology in Genesis, survived the flood and lived at a time when Abraham was alive and was his contemporary for a hundred years. Christian tradition has proposed different interpretations to identify who Melchizedek was. Origen said that Melchizedek was an angel. Others have proposed that he was the Holy Spirit in human form. Many Christians, ancient and contemporary, have said that this is a classical example of a Christophany in the Old Testament, that is, Melchizedek was Jesus Christ himself, who appeared to Abraham in human form. The concept of Christophany should be rejected because it contradicts the statement in the book of Hebrews that Jesus was designated a Priest after the order of Melchizedek. If Melchizedek was Christ then how could Christ himself become a Priest in the likeness of Melchizedek? [9] Ellen White wrote in the Review and Herald that it was Christ that spoke through Melchizedek, the priest of the Most High God. Melchizedek was not Christ, but he was the voice of God in the world, the representative of the Father. And all through the generations of the past, Christ has spoken; Christ has led His people, and has been the light of the world. [10] Another view is that Melchizedek was a type of Christ. The typological interpretation suggests that the priesthood of Melchizedek was a type of Christ’s priesthood. As Melchizedek was a priest of the Most High God, so was Jesus. As Melchizedek was a king, so was Jesus. Both Melchizedek and Jesus were royal priests. In the persons of Melchizedek and Jesus the offices of priest and king were combined. For this paper we are going to focus on the view that Melchizedek was a type of Jesus. After The Order of Melchizedek The Lord has sworn and will not change his mind: You are a priest forever after the order of Melchizedek (Ps 110,4). Unlike the ordinary priests, for whom it was possible to be of priestly descent and yet not actually function as priests (cf. Deut 18,6-8; Lev 21,17-23), the priesthood of Jesus priest was sworn unto Him by God Himself to be after the order of Melchizedek. He was not of any priestly descent inasmuch as he was not of the tribe of Levi, nor was he a priest in the sense of someone who was actually employed as a sanctuary attendant and was carrying out sanctuary duties on a day-to-day basis. However, his priesthood was more permanent and enduring than that of any other priest, since whether or not he was functioning in the sanctuary and ‘doing the job’ of priest, he was by definition a mediator between people and deity for the rest of his life. [11] Christ was a priest of God after the â€Å"order of Melchizedek† (Psalm 110:4; Hebrews 5:6,10; 6:20; 7:11,17). The word â€Å"order† (taxis) signifies an â€Å"arrangement. † In this connection, it means â€Å"of similar arrangement,† i. e. , the nature of, or â€Å"just like Melchizedek†. The meaning is this: in some sense the kingly-priesthood of Jesus would be similar in nature to that of Melchizedek. Note the reference to Psalm 110:4 above, and observe that Christ made the application of this Psalm to Himself in Matthew 22:43-45[12] It was not that Melchizedek was â€Å"without father, without mother† literally, or that he had no genealogical background. No, the truth being conveyed was this. Whereas the Aaronic priesthood resulted from being a part of a family line, i. e. , the descendants of Aaron, Moses’ brother, the priesthood of Melchizedek was bestowed directly by God. And it was precisely in this manner that the Lord Jesus was appointed as our High Priest; he did not inherit it by means of a physical lineage (cf. Hebrews 7:14). [13] In the Letter to the Hebrews, the author uses the figure of Melchizedek in his reflection on the salvation-historical significance of Jesus’ life. Although there are probably original elements to his use of Melchizedek, much of what he affirms about Melchizedek is parallel or similar to what is found in Jesus. The author uses the view that his readers had about Melchizedek for the purpose of proving the superiority of Jesus’ High Priesthood to that of Aaron and his descendents. His goal is to demonstrate that Christ’s death brings the Levitical sacrificial system to an end. The figure of Melchizedek sees the unification of king and high priest into one individual. These two offices were separated in the Mosaic covenant and also later in the Davidic covenant. Moses led the people whereas Aaron his brother founded a high-priestly order; later, when God swore to David that he would establish his dynasty forever, the high priesthood belonged to the family of Zadok, who was a priest (from the line of Aaron). Melchizedek, in the author’s view, prefigures the unification of two offices in one person, which should come to pass in the â€Å"last days. † To be a priest forever according to the order of Melchizedek is to be both king and priest. And as I may so say, Levi also, who receiveth tithes, payed tithes in Abraham. 0 For he was yet in the loins of his father, when Melchizedek met him. Abraham, the father of the Levites and the nation of Israel, paid tithes to Melchizedek and because of that, through Abraham, Levi also paid tithes to Melchizedek, so to speak. In doing so, not only was Melchizedek greater than Abraham, but greater than Levi and the priesthood that bore his name. If therefore perfection were by the Levitical prie sthood, for under it the people received the law, what further need was there that another priest should rise after the order of Melchizedek, and not be called after the order of Aaron? The writer, having established the superiority of the priestly ministry of Melchizedek over the Levitical priesthood, now shows the superiority of the priestly ministry of Christ Jesus over both. Perfection, as we have seen in this paper, refers to salvation. Perfection is the New Testament sacrifice; it is salvation through the sacrifice of Christ, and the completeness of His entire work for the believer. In addition if the Levitical priesthood and the Mosaic Law could bring a person into salvation, reconciliation and access to God, then there was no need for another priest to come after the order of Melchizedek. The fact that there was one who came after the order of Melchizedek proved the failure of the Levitical priesthood and the Mosaic Law to provide a complete and comprehensive salvation that only Christ, our great High Priest, provides. It means that Christ was not a High Priest, as in Aaronic and the Levitical order (according to the law of Moses). The High Priesthood of Jesus Christ is of a higher order! Christ was and is a High Priest as Melchizedek; and not as Aaron or Levi. Note the following: 1. Melchizedek’s position as High Priest was not dependent on ancestry†¦ either was Christ’s. (7:14). 2. Melchizedek was not in a succession of many priests†¦ neither is Christ. (7:3). 3. Melchizedek’s priesthood was higher than and separate from the Levitical order†¦ so is Christ’s. (7:4-7). ? 4. Melchizedek was priest and king†¦ so is Christ! (See Zech. 6:9-15). 5. Melchizedek received tribute from Abraham, the father of the Jewish nation; th is shows the superiority of Melchizedek’s priesthood above the Levitical (which came out of the loins of Abraham). {See Gen. 14:18-20 with Heb. 7:4}[14]. Chapter 3 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION THIS CHAPTER DISCUSSES THE SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH. Summary The replacing of the old priesthood with the eternal priesthood of Christ also meant a replacement of the Old Covenant with the New Covenant, which was required. All of this was set up, executed and revealed by God, for the purpose of convincing the Jews – their old Levitical priesthood was now history. And it means that we have a High Priest and access to God! â€Å"For such a high priest became us, who is holy, harmless, undefiled, separate from sinners, and made higher than the heavens. Who needed not daily, as those high priests, to offer up sacrifice, first for his own sins, and then for the people; for this he did once, when he offered up himself. † (Heb. 7:26-27). â€Å"Wherefore, he is able also to save them to the uttermost that come unto God by him, seeing he ever lived to make intercession for them,† (Heb. 7:25). Conclusion A careful reading of Hebrews 7 provides a lens for understanding the rest of the letter. Christ’s priesthood, its efficacy and our response, is the main theme of the letter, and this is expounded carefully in chap. 7, via the vehicle of Melchizedek. In the form of true Hebrew poetics, repetitions of references to Melchizedek lead the reader on a hermeneutical journey. However, also in good Hebrew form, what is left unsaid explicitly also colors the reading and understanding and makes the possibilities for interpretation even richer. [15] Recommendations After a careful analysis of the juxtaposition position of the Melchizedek’s priesthood and Priesthood of Christ, this paper proposes the following recommendation for further research: In examining the priesthood of Christ, does grace have any antecedents? What has Christ to offer up for the perfection of His Priesthood in heaven? Does Christ Priesthood offer any hope of salvation to the sinner? Bibliography BIRD, CHAD L. 2000. â€Å"TYPOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION WITHIN THE OLD TESTAMENT: MELCHIZEDEKIAN TYPOLOGY. † CONCORDIA JOURNAL 26. Booij, Thijs. â€Å"Psalm 110: â€Å"rule in the midst of your foes! † Vetus testamentum 41, no. 4 October 1991. Broomall, Wick. 1960. Baker Dictionary of Theology. Everett F. Harrison, Geoffrey W. Bromiley, and Carl F. H. Henry, eds. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker. Bullinger, E. W. 1968. Figures of Speech Used in the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker. Coleran, James E. The sacrifice of Melchisedech. † Theological Studies 1, no. 1 February 1940. Danker, et al. , Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament, Chicago: University of Chicago, 2000. Dunnill John, Covenant and sacrifice in the Letter to the Hebrews. SNTS 75; Cambridge, CUP, 1992. Edwardson, C â€Å"Bible facts concerning the Sanctuary and the Judgement†, Maplewood Press. Fitzmyer, Joseph A. â€Å"Now this Melchizedek† (Heb 7:1). † Catholic Biblical Quarterly 25, no. 3,July 1963. Gane, Roy â€Å"Altar Call† Daidem, 1999. Kobelski, P J. â€Å"The Melchizedek tradition. † Journal of Biblical Literature 96, no. 4 December 1977. Lefler, Nathan. The Melchizedek traditions in the Letter to the Hebrews: reading through the eyes of an inspired Jewish-Christian author. † Pro Ecclesia 16, no. 1,2007. Mariottini Claude, A Priest after the order of Melchizedek, Professor of Old Testament, Northern Baptist Seminary. Mason, Eric Farrel. â€Å"Hebrews 7:3 and the relationship between Melchizedek and Jesus. † Biblical Research 50 2005. Neyrey, Jerome H. â€Å"Without beginning of days or end of life† Hebrews 7:3 : topos for a true deity. † Catholic Biblical Quarterly 53, no. 3 July 1991. Paul, M J. â€Å"The order of Melchizedek Ps 110:4 and Heb 7:3. † Westminster Theological Journal 49, no. Spr 1987. Petuchowski, Jakob Josef. â€Å"The controversial figure of Melchizedek. † Hebrew Union College Annual 28, 1957. Review and Harold, Feb. 18, 1890. Rooke, D. W. , Kingship as Priesthood: The Relationship between the High Priesthood and the Monarchy, King and Messiah in Israel and the Ancient Near East. JSOTSS 270; Sheffield 1998. Songer, Harold S. â€Å"A superior priesthood : Hebrews 4:14-7:27. † Review Expositor 82, no. 3 Sum 1985. Terry, M. S. 1890. Biblical Hermeneutics. New York, NY: Eaton Mains. Thompson, James W. â€Å"Conceptual background and purpose of the Midrash in Hebrews 7. † Novum testamentum 19, no. July 1977. Walter R. Roehrs, â€Å"The Typological Use of the Old Testament in the New Testament,† Concordia Journal 10,1984: 204-216; William J. Hassold, â€Å"Rectilinear or Typological Interpretation of Messianic Prophecy? † Concordia Theological Monthly 38,1967. Warren E. Berkley, http://www. bi ble. ca/ef/expository-Hebrews-7. htm Were, Louis F. â€Å"The blotting out of sins† ———————– [1] Paul, M J. â€Å"The order of Melchizedek (Ps 110:4 and Heb 7:3). â€Å"Westminster Theological Journal 49, no. 1 (Spring 1987): 195-211. [2]Raoul. Dederen, vol. 12, Handbook of Seventh-Day Adventist Theology, (electronic ed. Logos Library System; Commentary Reference Series Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 2001, c2000), 390. [3]Bird, Chad L. 2000. â€Å"Typological Interpretation Within the Old Testament: Melchizedekian Typology† Concordia Journal 26, no. 1: 36-52. [4]Matthew Henry and Thomas Scott, Matthew Henry’s Concise Commentary, (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, 1997), Heb 7:1. [5]Dederen, Raoul, vol. 12, Handbook of Seventh-Day Adventist Theology, (electronic ed. , Logos Library System; Commentary Reference Series Hagerstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 2001, c2000), 390. [6] Bullinger, E. W. 1968. Figures of Speech Used in the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker. [7] Terry, M. S. 1890. Biblical Hermeneutics. New York, NY: Eaton Mains. [8] Broomall, Wick. 1960. Baker Dictionary of Theology. Everett F. Harrison, Geoffrey W. Bromiley, and Carl F. H. Henry, eds. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker. [9] Mariottini Claude, A Priest after the order of Melchizedek, Professor of Old Testament, Northern Baptist Seminary. [10] Review and Harold, Feb. 18, 1890. [11] D. W. ROOKE, Kingship as Priesthood: The Relationship between the High Priesthood and the Monarchy, King and Messiah in Israel and the Ancient Near East. JSOTSS 270; Sheffield 1998. [12] Danker, et al. , Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament,[pic] Chicago: University of Chicago, 2000, 989. [13] D. W. ROOKE, Kingship as Priesthood: The Relationship between the High Priesthood and the Monarchy, King and Messiah in Israel and the Ancient Near East. JSOTSS 270; Sheffield 1998. [14] Warren E. Berkley http://www. bible. ca/ef/expository-hebrews-7. htm [15] John Dunnill, Covenant and sacrifice in the Letter to the Hebrews. SNTS 75; Cambridge, CUP, 1992, How to cite After the Order of Melchizedek, Essay examples

Strategic Communication and Direct Action †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Communication and Direct Action. Answer: Introduction: One of the major travel destinations for the nature lovers and the adventure lovers is the Great Barrier Reef. It consists of the beautiful and exciting coral reefs that offer a great marine life attraction. Millions of tourists travel to the Great Barrier Reef every year to enjoy the nature and marine life at its best. The Great Barrier Reef is one of the most valued and breathtaking natural gifts of Australia. It consists of 3000 reef systems and many beautiful islands. One of such island is the Whitsundays Island. It has a pristine and serene stretch of white sand. It is beautifully adorned with its crystal clear water and the lush green rainforests (Tourismwhitsundays.com.au 2018). The business segment chosen is the recreation segmentation. This is one of the most important sectors as people usually travel for some refreshments and recreations. So, it is of utmost importance for the Whitsundays to provide a wide variety of refreshments and other recreational activities. Scuba Doo, Reef seeing from the air, sail the reef, seawalker and many other such breathtaking and adventurous experiences help in providing the tourists with a large number of refreshing activities. Laws must also be enforced for the international travelers so that they do not try activities like hunting the marine animals or any other creatures of the island. Laws have to be enacted so that the international tourists do not plan to start any illegal business like exporting crocodile skin or the other natural resources of the island (Lance 2016). They must not use these recreational activities at the cost of harming the environment. The location of the business is the Great Coral Reef of Australia and the island was chosen is the Whitsundays Island. It usually provides a large number of marine life and other aquatic activities that are greatly cherished by the tourists. The recreation can be a source of major economic development for the local people. This is because the local people can be appointed as guides to the tourists for the different water sports. There can be many cultural events as well where the local people can display their handmade crafts or any other items made from the natural resources. The travelers must maintain the environmental sustainability by making sure that they are not throwing any garbage or litters into the sea or in and around the island. This will not only cause pollution but will also kill many of the marine animals (Ball et al. 2018). Throwing of plastics into the water must be strictly prohibited. There must be many legal regulations and acts passed so that the tourists do not get the chance of damaging the environment. Being Green is one of the initiatives taken by them so that they can control the UV rays from damaging the corals and the other marine animals. They also emphasize the ecological aspects. They have also started using many technical and technological means that will be helpful in keeping the ecological balance in the proper system (Goldberg et al. 2018). The business has started reacting to all these factors very efficiently. They are undertaking many of the modern technologically advanced methods that will be helpful in promoting sustainable tourism in the Whitsundays Island. They have set up a museum called the Historical Proserpine museum that upholds the rich cultural history of the Whitsunday Island. This museum is built and maintained with the effort of the entire community (Ryan et al. 2016). It is a cultural center that upholds all the local art and crafts made by the people of the local community. This museum serves as a good spot for the visitors and at the same time plays a good role in upgrading the local people as well. It tries to afford the education of the local people and is also a good effort towards the preservation of the society and the rich cultural history (Cheer and Lew 2017). Promoting the ecotourism must be one of the major aspects of the Whitsundays tourism industry in the future days. They must make provisions for the tourists to come and enjoy the natural aspects keeping in mind different ways of conservation of the environmental aspects as well. They must maintain the eco-certification program of Australia in order to promote environmental sustainability. References Ball, D., Bryant, S.L. and Mau, R., 2018. The interplay between tourism and conservation on islands.Australian Island Arks: Conservation, Management and Opportunities, p.165. Cheer, J.M. and Lew, A.A. eds., 2017.Tourism, Resilience and Sustainability: Adapting to Social, Political and Economic Change. Routledge. Goldberg, J., Birtles, A., Marshall, N., Curnock, M., Case, P. and Beeden, R., 2018. The role of Great Barrier Reef tourism operators in addressing climate change through strategic communication and direct action.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,26(2), pp.238-256. Lance, R., 2016. Great Barrier Reef.LiNQ (Literature in North Queensland),34(1). Ryan, E.J., Lewis, S.E., Smithers, S.G., Clark, T.R. and Zhao, J.X., 2016. Multi-scale records of reef development and condition provide context for contemporary changes on inshore reefs.Global and Planetary Change,146, pp.162-178. Tourismwhitsundays.com.au. 2018.Tourism Whitsundays, Queensland Australia, Whitsundays Holidays - Tourism Whitsundays QLD - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.tourismwhitsundays.com.au/ [Accessed 3 Apr. 2018].

Nike Marketing Strategy free essay sample

The company truly came from humble beginnings as Knight sold their products from his car during track meets. During that same year the company reached a healthy profit of $8,000 and in two short years Bowerman and Knight opened its first retail store along Pico Boulevard in Santa Monica, California. In 1971, Blue Ribbon Sports severed its ties with Onitsuka Tiger and decided to create their own line of footwear. In the summer of the same year, they released their first shoe which carried the famous â€Å"Swoosh† design called Nike, a name inspired by the Greek goddess of victory.With the popularity of their first sneaker, Blue Ribbon Sports released its first line of Nike Shoes in 1972; however it was not until 1978 when the founders officially named the company Nike. Nike’s first original product was derived from Bowerman’s â€Å"Waffle† design. Bowerman conceived of different outsoles that would grip nicely to the new urethane track of the Hayward Field of the University of Oregon. We will write a custom essay sample on Nike Marketing Strategy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then, one Sunday morning, he got the ingenious idea of pouring liquid urethane into his wife’s waffle iron.This experiment became the forerunner of Bowerman’s famous 1974 Waffle Trainer. After just 16 years in the biz, Nike dominated over 50% of the market share in the US athletic shoe market. As a result, Nike went public in December 1980. The company attributes its marketing success to its â€Å"word of foot† (taken from a Nike slogan in the late 1970’s) style of advertising, rather than expensive television commercials. In October 1982, the company aired its first national television ad during the New York Marathon broadcast. The ad was created by Wieden Kennedy, an agency based in Portland, Oregon. Dan Wieden, co-founder of the ad agency, was the one who thought of Nike’s famous slogan, â€Å"Just Do It,† which was used in a 1988 Nike campaign. The slogan, considered as one of the top five slogans of the 20th century, debuted in print media in July 1, 1988 on the pages of the San Franciscan Walt Stack. Retired Basketball icon Michael Jordan with his world-famous Air Jordan shoe. Now, Nike is the leading authority in sports equipment.Nike products range from track running shoes, jerseys, shorts, and base layers for athletes from different sport disciplines such as basketball, baseball, football, volleyball, tennis, golf, cycling, track and field, wrestling, lacrosse, and cheerleading. By diversifying their product line, the company was able to peruse a wide range of athletic sponsorships for a different array of sports. Some notable Nike endorsers include basketball legend Michael Jordan, tennis champion Roger Federer and golf star Tiger Woods.Nike has also produced urban fashion clothing which has been popular with the youth. Recently, Nike has collaborated with Apple to come up a device which monitors a runner’s accomplishment through a radio device in the shoe which networks with the iPod nano. Apart from popular products such as the Michael Jordan line, Nike has come up with special shoes for extreme sports such as skateboarding. Also the company’s innovative attitude toward footwear design and composition continues to flourish with Nike’s latest development of weight reducing components: the Flywire and Lunarlite foam.

Free Essays on Epicureanism

Pleasure and happiness, sensuality and desire, friendship and free will, these are among a few of the central themes behind this philosophy. Epicureanism is an ethical and moralistic doctrine that is concerned with justice and virtue, in a psychological sense. Reason responsibility and the mechanics of freedom are ethical and moral principles of this epistemology. Epicureanism introduces the view that pleasure is the ultimate good in life. This Philosophy was described by Epicurus as "the art of making life happy†. The purpose of life, according to Epicurus, is personal happiness and by happiness he means not that state of well being and perfection of which the consciousness is accompanied by pleasure, but pleasure itself. In addition this pleasure is sensuous for it is such only as is achievable in this life. This pleasure is the immediate purpose of every action. The pleasure of Epicurus is a state, "the absence of pain and anxiety". The magnitude of pleasure reaches its limit in the removal of all pain. When such pleasure is present, so long as it is uninterrupted there is no pain either of body or of mind or of both together. Conceiving the highest good to be happiness, and happiness to be found in pleasure, to which the natural impulses of every being are directed. But the aim is not with him, as it is with the Cyrenaics, the pleasure of the moment, but the enduring condition of pleasure, which, in its essence, is freedom from the greatest of evils, pain. Pleasures and pains are, however, distinguished not merely in degree, but in kind. The renunciation of a pleasure or endurance of a pain is often a means to a greater pleasure; and since pleasures of sense are subordinate to the pleasures of the soul, the undisturbed peace of the soul is a higher good than the freedom of the body from pain. Virtue is desirable not for itself, but for the sake of pleasure of soul, which it secures by freeing men from troub... Free Essays on Epicureanism Free Essays on Epicureanism Philosophy I A Brief Summary of Epicurianism Combining the pleasure-seeking teachings of Aristippus and the atom theory of Democritus, Epicurus’ philosophy answers the questions of how best to live one’s life and approach death. Epicurus’ Principle Doctrines emphasize the school of thought that the natural pursuit of please does not make one an intrinsically evil, corrupt person. However, though many today misconstrue his message as an approval of sensory overindulgence, his texts advocate the merits of restraint: â€Å"No pleasure is a bad thing in itself, but the things which produce certain pleasures entail disturbances many times greater than the pleasures themselves†(Gill). The teachings of Epicurus state that the fulfillment of one’s basic needs unlock the door to a life of pleasure. To spend one’s life in a state of anxiety due to the pursuit of excessive merriment will have an inverse effect, wasting one’s life in an unpleasant state instead of enjoying simple pleasures (The Philosophy Garden). Indeed, the original writings that shape the epicurianistic philosophy repeatedly sing the praises of intangible pleasures such as wisdom and the peace of mind one deriv es from living a just life. In response to the question of how one should make the moral decisions to live a respectable life, Epicurus advocates situational truth over universal truth, as his statement that â€Å"There never was such a thing as absolute justice, but only agreements made in mutual dealings among men in whatever places at various times providing against the infliction or suffering of harm.† illustrates (Cook). As with most philosophies, the Epicureans have guidelines regarding death and eternity as well as life. According to the Epicurean philosophy, one need not worry about gods or an afterlife. Embracing the atomic theory, Epicurus believes that while alive, people have soul atoms as well as physical atoms. Upon death, however, th... Free Essays on Epicureanism Pleasure and happiness, sensuality and desire, friendship and free will, these are among a few of the central themes behind this philosophy. Epicureanism is an ethical and moralistic doctrine that is concerned with justice and virtue, in a psychological sense. Reason responsibility and the mechanics of freedom are ethical and moral principles of this epistemology. Epicureanism introduces the view that pleasure is the ultimate good in life. This Philosophy was described by Epicurus as "the art of making life happy†. The purpose of life, according to Epicurus, is personal happiness and by happiness he means not that state of well being and perfection of which the consciousness is accompanied by pleasure, but pleasure itself. In addition this pleasure is sensuous for it is such only as is achievable in this life. This pleasure is the immediate purpose of every action. The pleasure of Epicurus is a state, "the absence of pain and anxiety". The magnitude of pleasure reaches its limit in the removal of all pain. When such pleasure is present, so long as it is uninterrupted there is no pain either of body or of mind or of both together. Conceiving the highest good to be happiness, and happiness to be found in pleasure, to which the natural impulses of every being are directed. But the aim is not with him, as it is with the Cyrenaics, the pleasure of the moment, but the enduring condition of pleasure, which, in its essence, is freedom from the greatest of evils, pain. Pleasures and pains are, however, distinguished not merely in degree, but in kind. The renunciation of a pleasure or endurance of a pain is often a means to a greater pleasure; and since pleasures of sense are subordinate to the pleasures of the soul, the undisturbed peace of the soul is a higher good than the freedom of the body from pain. Virtue is desirable not for itself, but for the sake of pleasure of soul, which it secures by freeing men from troub...

B200 TMA02-1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

B200 TMA02-1 - Essay Example decades as the cartelization of the oil markets is often viewed as a failure of market forces since prices and output are heavily influenced by the cartel leaving aside the market forces to determine the correct demand and supply of oil in the international market. OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries- is the name which is given to the cartel of oil producing countries in Middle East in a bid to control the oil production as well as regulation the oil prices. This formation of cartels is therefore, often viewed as one of the reasons for failure of market forces at work because by not letting a market to determine the demand and supply, such actions create disequilibrium into markets. Therefore, markets are more prone to external shocks causing them not to function in their most appropriate way. Neoliberalism is the basic fundamental philosophy which advocates the lesser role of governments or other external agencies in regulating the market and emphasize giving a chance to the market forces to work for the greater good of the society. Due to this philosophical drive, most of the developed countries in the world including US and UK shifted their policy framework in a way which advocated the use of market forces as the lone regulator of the market without much intervention from the State. There were reasons behind this shift into the policy response from the developed world because of the increasing external shocks experienced by the developed countries, especially from oil embargo by oil producing countries from Gulf Region. Behind the neoliberalism also lies the fact that market forces are considered as the best regulators of the price mechanism within an economy by correctly and efficiently pricing the demand and supply and secondly, this mechanism brings in more efficiency into the system. However, any distortion in this mechanism can lead to the inefficient employment of resources hence the economy may not work at the full employment

Caffeine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Caffeine - Research Paper Example It is a drug of dependence. â€Å"Caffeine is a drug that maintains an enigmatic existence somewhere in the middle of lower end of continuum of dependence—producing drugs. It is not readily categorized with known drugs of dependence, such as cocaine, nicotine, heroin and ethanol. On the other hand, caffeine does elicit some effects typical of dependence-producing drugs.†(Gupta, p.143)Does caffeine secure respectability in the culinary culture and acceptance as harmless for human consumption? The answer is in the negative viewed from any angle. Let’s agree that Caffeine is the world’s most popular drug. Though this is mostly related to coffee, it is also found in tea. Tea leaves contain about 3.5% caffeine. Caffeine containing soft drinks are very popular. â€Å"Caffeine taken in beverage form begins to reach all tissues of the body within five minutes. Peak blood levels are reached in about 30 minutes. Half of a given dose of caffeine is metabolized in about four hours more rapidly in smokers and less rapidly in newborn infants, in women in late pregnancy, and in sufferers from liver disease. (Caffeine†¦.) Caffeine increases blood pressure and stimulates the brain and behavior. There are many therapeutic use of caffeine, but controversies are associated with their application. Medical opinion is not unanimous about its authentic utility. As soon as it enters the body, its effect is immediate and electric! â€Å"Blood pressure, pulse rate, and stomac h acid production are increased, fat stores are broken down, and fatty acids are released into the blood stream.†(Caffeine and †¦.)Many other complications follow like, lack of energy, fatigue, and improper sleep. With alcohol consumption, it leads to deterioration of one’ health! With enough evidence against it, caffeine will always be viewed with suspicion. â€Å"Overall, the leading research projects based on objective criteria demonstrate that caffeine intake near bedtime†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.decreases total

Black Female Identity In Black Female Rap Hits Cultural Studies Essay

Black Female Identity In Black Female Rap Hits Cultural Studies Essay Rap is considered a type of music which serves as a means of expression for those who feel alienated and outraged in American society for certain reasons. According to Tricia Rose, (or you need to provide the names of the many scholars that you have in mind in the footnote) hip hop in America originated from disadvantaged neighborhoods and served as a voice for people who lacked post secondary education and had difficulties in finding a job in the new post-industrial service sector economy. In the early beginning rap artists rapped about poverty, racism and injustice. As the genre was developing, rappers would look for inspiration in other aspects of their every life. Male/female relationships would appear as a common motif in their songs. As discussed in the first chapter, misogynistic messages could be found in a great share of male rap hits. Although rap has been associated mainly as domain of men, female contribution to this genre is also significant. Hence it is worth examining how their legacy contributed to the black female image in the United States. It is also important to note how the messages in their songs differed from those of male rap artists. In this chapter I am going to focus on the motifs of black female identity which permeated the lyrics of female rap hits starting from the late eighties through the beginning of the twenty first century. I will support my analysis by referring to the works of literary black hip hop culture critics such as Tricia Rose, bell hooks, Gwendolyn D. Pough or Cheryl L. Keyes. The findings presented in this study will be based on the existing researches on the subject as well as my lyric interpretation of Billboards Hot Rap Year End Charts. One of the recognized social theorists, Patricia Hill Collins, claims that much of the contemporary social phenomena is understood and analyzed from the European, white male standpoint. Moreover, by this approach black women in particular have been perceived as non-human, commodified and objectified. Needless to say, it is important to counterbalance this approach by interpreting black womens lives from their perspective. I find artistic works of female rappers, as well as their interviews to a be a great source for such a counter analysis. Female rap artists would oftentimes identify themselves as belonging to a certain crew or would use the words as fly, attitude, queen, diva while describing or referring to one another. Based on those self imposed labels, Cheryl L. Keyes distinguishes four prevailing types of female rappers: Queen Mother, Fly Girl, Sista with Attitude and Lesbian. These categories reflect certain images, voices and ages of African American women. Interestingly eno ugh, rappers assigned to these groups marked their presence on the hip hop scene in this particular order but, as Keyes noted, they can swing between these teams or belong to a few concurrently. According to Keyes, the first group Queen Mothers consists mainly of early female rap pioneers of the 1980s such as: Queen Latifah, Roxanne Shante or MC Lyte. They express strong connection to their African heritage by calling themselves Nubian queens, and wearing ethnic clothes and jewelry. The symbol of queen mother may be supposedly rooted in African court tradition. Mothers of kings in many African kingdoms used to be cult objects and granted special privileges. Queen Mothers in hip hop culture also consider themselves as strong, intelligent black women responsible of spreading the word among the community. They discuss issues similar to their male counterparts marginalization, subjugation, and hardship of an urban life. A theme of their concern would be also heterosexual advances of men toward women, as well as domestic violence, and male sexism. These female rappers tended to present black women in their songs as self assured and independent . Similarly to male rappers, they would aim to challenge racist white supremacy by their music. Whilst black males in order to empower themselves oftentimes resort to sexist notions addressed towards their female counterparts, Queen Mothers do not apply the same strategy of subordination. As the excerpts from the songs presented in the first chapter show, many male hip hop artists depict women merely as sexual objects and generally cast derogatory light on them. Some black culture critics, as bell hooks, claim that male gangsta rappers engage in this behavior because women supposedly emasculate black men, negating their manhood and reducing the respect received from others. The critic also states that most black males lack strong male (father) models to look up to. They are being convinced throughout their childhood that they are not destined to grow up as successful, strong, virtuous males. Instead they receive education how to become emotionless thugs. hooks blames the mass media for perpetuating the image of a strong, angry black woman as opposed to black castrated male who is not able to provide for his family. Other reason for that may be the fear of female sexuality, thus women must be controlled. Queen Mothers demand respect not only for black community in general but for black women in particular. This causes a huge inner identity conflict among black women, whether to be loyal to their ethnicity and race or gender. Extending the theory of black feminism to rap, black female rappers provide back lashing voices against male sexism and misogyny. However, being a black feminist should not mean rejection of the African heritage. The African legacy may be utilized as an additional source of strength and power in this struggle. Tricia Rose in the her book Black Noise argues that in the late 1980s and early 1990s pioneer female rappers although refraining from calling themselves feminist, expressed three feminist standpoints: female empowerment, agency, and independence. They would rather call themselves womanists as they did not feel much connection with the predominantly white second wave feminism movement. Moreover, they felt as having been overlooked or even purposely excluded by white feminists in their struggle for female empowerment. These artists rejected and challenged representations of women as simply sexual objects. Rose states that they use rap music as a platform of dispute between other female and male artists, and their audience in general. The most noticeable Queen Mother on the hip hop scene is Dana Queen Latifah Owens. Although latifah in Arabic means feminine, delicate and kind she proved to be also a strong and influential rap artist. At the young age of twenty one, she became well acclaimed artist. Despite her young age, her maternal behavior and mature approach to life made her to be perceived as a Queen Mother. Although she would find such comparison flattering, she tried to distance herself from being labeled. She would call herself a queen because every black female is a queen to her. The reason why Queen Latifah and other rappers have been allocated to the group of Queen Mothers may be linked to the othermothers phenomenon in black African community. Patricia Hill Collins elaborates on this notion in Black Feminist Thought. She claims that black women take a significant part in fostering of the black society in the United States. They have developed an image of a strong black woman who contributes to the whol e black community well-being. The notion of motherhood in general, whether invoked by bloodmothers or othermothers, has powerful connotation. It seems that African American community seeks for strong mother figures not only in real life but also on the hip hop scene. Queen Latifah reflects the image of othermother by taking up serious political-economic issues of the black community in her lyrics, as in The Evil that Men Do where she raps about struggle of women on welfare. Another example of a strong political commentary is Queen Latifahs song Ladies First. She focuses here on promoting womens importance and clamors for their equal treatment. She raps about the need for sisterhood which prompts women to support each other. The notion of sisterhood is emphasized here by the fact that the artist collaborates with another black European female rapper, Monie Love. They feel connected with each other by the bonds of the same gender and race. This is a typical approach of women of color engaged in the Third Wave Feminist Movement in America. The concept of global sisterhood coined by the Second Wave feminists is questioned and challenged here. Black feminists manifest more connection with other women of color from different countries or countries of their origin than with white middle class women from the United States. The video to Ladies First is also a tribute to African American womens history featuring images of activists and abolitionists as Rosa Parks , Angela Davis, Harriet Tubman, or entrepreneurs as Madame C.J. Walker. The video also features the image of Winnie Mandela which may serve as a commemoration of the struggle against segregation in South Africa as well as emphasis on the concept of global black sisterhood. The rappers bring back these images into the light in order to re-inspire all women of color and prove they are capable of achieving the highest goals as breaking the racism and sexism. Queen Latifah in her Grammy Award-winning song U.N.I.T.Y, as one of the first female artists does not only prove her rapping skills but also takes up the issues which divide black community. She focuses here on perpetuated hatred directed by black males toward black females. She answers back to males who use the insult bitch in reference to women. She does so by using similar forms that are used by many of their male counterparts to denigrate women. By the use of vulgar language she reclaims those forms for women. Another pioneer rapper, MC Lyte in her song Paper Thin also makes a black female a subject. She brings her to the center of discussion by rapping about the constrains of her (own?) intimacy and setting the rules by which she will date a man. According to Rose, the above mentioned artists messages are both emancipating and liberating for women. They rebel against the restrain of black female voices, offering counter hegemonic perspectives. Female gangsta rappers in particula r, have created and imposed their own definitions of womanhood through their use of vulgarity, voice intonations, and sexuality. Although most female rappers identify themselves by belonging to specific rap crews, some of them would fall from one category to another or exist in many simultaneously. As an example of such a swinging artist may serve Yo Yo. The rapper and activist when perceived through the prism of her artistic and social work would be allocated to the group of Queen Mothers. Her songs are devoted to her view on the political issues and black feminism. She is the founder of the group Intelligent Black Women Coalition (I.BW.C.) which aimed to fight against racism and sexism. Yet, Keyes claims that her style and attire would suggest she also fits the category of so called Fly Girls who gained recognition on hip hop scene mainly in the nineties. The origin of the new meaning of the word fly dates back to the sixties and seventies and describes someone wearing fancy clothes. The style has been presented in the blaxploitation movies like The Superfly (1972), Shaft (1971), The Mack (1973) or Foxy Bro wn (1974) and then adopted by the black youth in the eighties and nineties. Indeed, what distinguished Fly Girls from Queen Mothers at first sight was their sense of fashion. Queen Mothers tried to affirm their eroticism that refrains from the nakedness and exposure of Western styles by rejection of miniskirts or high heels. Fly Girls did not fear to wear tight clothes which accentuated their sexuality. They tried to counterbalance Western European beauty canon by showing the beauty of black female body, accompanied by eye catching hairstyles, shiny jewelry and suggestive dancing. By doing so they made a statement against the white supremacist stereotype of the black round female body being undesirable. It was their fashion style that made them not only heard but also visible. The male hip hop group the Boogie Boys describe a fly girl as: [Woman] who wants to see her name, her game or her ability. . . she sports a lot of gold, wears tight jeans, leather miniskirts, a made up face, h as voluptuous curves, but speaks her mind. The most prolific and well pronounced Fly Girls of hip hop scene is undoubtedly the trio Salt- N- Pepa. They aspired to be acknowledged as models of real independent and successful black women of the nineties. They reached the peak of their popularity in the early nineties by releasing controversial hits like Lets Talk About Sex (1991), What a Man (1993), or Shoop(1993). While the first mentioned hit raised awareness about safe sex, the other songs can be interpreted as manifestation on female sexuality and appraisal of men in terms of friendship, love and intimate heterosexual relations. Lyrics from their popular song Aint Nuthin But a She Thing, again typify messages of their powerful womanhood: Im a female, and I got it goin on /Dont be fooled by my s-e-x/It aint that simple, Im more complex/Lets keep moving forward, girls, never look back. In this song artists are exchanging ideas with women and men in general, warning men not to rely on clichà ©d notions of gender roles when in teracting with women. They refuse to be considered as a weaker sex. They prove of their ability to work as hard as men, yet their intention is not to empower, or emasculate men. Similarly, they are passing on the same message to women while concurrently urging these women to progress, not regress, in their thinking and behavior. Such messages permeate most of the Salt N- Pepa top hits. Many examples of the Fly Girls songs take focus on female agency in male/female relationships perceived from the womens point of view. In the chorus of her song, Whats Up Star, Suga initiates the interaction with males: Whats up star, Id like to get to know who you are/Lets have drinks at the bar/And if I like what I see then the drinks is on me. While men are usually considered to be the initiators in heterosexual relationships, here the artist takes it over and demonstrates her empowerment on this field. By doing so she violates an unwritten procedure of male-female courtship. She breaches the gendered norm of conduct. Instead of waiting for a man to approach her with an offer to buy her a drink, she would rather sit in judgment and contemplate over possible suitors. Upon positive evaluation of a potential mate she offers to buy him a drink. Another example of assuming power comes from a rapper and bass dancer, MC Luscious, who in her song Boom! I Got Your Boyfriend seizes another hypothetical womens partner: Ill take him, shake him, ring him out/ Ill show your man what its all about./ So when he tells you its the end./Thats when you know I got your boyfriend. Her use of the verbs take, shake, and ring in reference to her male lover illustrates the control that she maintains over him. She outdoes her female competitor by articulating her ability to sexually expose what the girlfriend cannot to the boyfriend, leading to the termination of the relationship. Thus, she demonstrates her control and manipulation of the lover and eventually her supremacy over the female opponent by stealing her boyfriend. Although deceitful and potentially unethical, MC Lusciouss desires, and behaviors are at the core of attention in her song. Another significant group of Fly Girls worth noticing is TLC ( Tione T-Boze Watkins, Lisa Left-Eye Lopez and Rozonda Chilli Thomas). Their popularity had been quickly developing since their debut in 1991 and reached its maximum in the second half of the nineties. They spread similar messages to the other Fly Girls like rising awareness about safe sex (Waterfalls) or fighting with women insecurity (Unpretty). They also introduced more diverse fashion sense. Instead of accentuating their fit bodies with tight clothes, they would wear baggy pants as a symbol of solidarity with women of less flattering shapes. Similar approach was taken by another Fly Girl Missy Misdemeanor Elliot. Being a successful writer and producer paved her way to the enormous success in the music industry. In no time she was offered a possibility to launch her clothing line and appeared in GAP and Adidas commercials. The fact that full-figured Missy became a model of the established clothing brand could be perceiv ed as groundbreaking in the sphere of perception of black female bodies. She serves as a role model to many black women who doubt in their attractiveness. As during the late nineties rap became commercialized, gained greater audience and shifted to mainstream it is worth examining what were the messages conveyed by the female rappers. During this time some female artists were as popular and selling as many records as men; for example, Lil Kim and Foxy Brown both had albums that sold one million copies. Contemporary female rappers of the late nineties and the beginning of the twenty first century also endeavor in empowering and subversive mission against male domination, but the lyrical content of their songs show surprising and alarming similarities between them and male rappers. This may be one of the reasons why these female rappers gained more commercial recognition than the pioneers. As means of empowerment they apply the strategy of giving the attitude and answering back in a rude manner to their male counterparts. This group of female rappers fall into the category of Sistas with Attitude which includes such popular rappers as Fo xy Brown, Lil Kim, and Da Brat, or Sis, or Eve. The characteristic of their style is the employment of the same symbolic speech and behaviors as their male fellow rappers. It may seem that by doing so they show (try? unclear) to be equal to men on every level. The lyrics of their songs included motives of indulging in hedonistic activities as partying and smoking marijuana with their men, seducing, harassing, and sexually emasculating male characters; as well as disrespecting (dissin) their male and female counterparts. Although so called dissing in female rappers songs is mainly directed at male sexism, an analysis of contemporary female rap songs reveals that there are instances the same strategy is aimed at women. It is well visible here that Sistas with Attitude seek for their self empowerment by all means. The content of songs with attitude is abundant in vulgarity. The use of derogatory terms may be interpreted in a positive way. I trace some similarities between Sistas with Attitude and some of the Third Wave of feminism representatives. Similarly to them, female rappers reversed the pejorative meaning of vulgar words addressed to women.Sistas may be considered a coarser, clad version of Third Wave of feminism Girlies or Riot Grrls. These were usually members of underground punk bands who addressed issues as rape, female sexuality, domestic abuse, and female empowerment. Same as Sistas they also adopted derogatory, insulting words as cunt bitch slut in their vernacular. By writing these words on their skins or t-shirts they ridiculed and nullified their derogatory meaning. On the one hand, reclamation of the frequently used word bitch may be perceived as a positive way of self empowerment or as providing healing liberation. Other critics claim that this may bring worse returns as the message of female empowerment seem to be diminished and eradicated by female self-objectification. One of the most reoccurring motives found in female rap lyrics is their swaggering feminine self assurance. This characteristic of rap has its roots in part of African-American oral tradition of toasting , where the toast-teller employs in verbal self- enhancement, and presents himself or herself as the dreams of his [or her] Black audience and symbolize for them triumph and accomplishment against the odds. For instance, in Sittin on Top of the World, Da Brat writes: Im on top of the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦/Girlfriend offender cuz they mans think Im all that/ One of the baddest bitches on the planet. She highlights how she is so bad, meaning great to such extent that she aggravates other women because their men find her beautiful. Another fitting example of braggadocio can be found in Eves song What Ya Want, writing Popular since I started my lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦/ Every thugs dream wife, see the love in they eyes/My time to shine, whole package make her a dime. In these lyrics, the rappe r is presenting herself as popular, and good-looking to every male and a perfectly shaped physically ( a dime in hip hop vernacular). Many rappers enhance their sense of attractiveness by emphasizing their possession of precious objects that others cannot afford. Foxy Brown, who adopted her moniker from the seventies blaxploitation movie protagonist of the same title, in Ill Na Na raps: Uhh, rollin for Lana, dripped in Gabbanaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦/And yall gon see by these mils I possess/Never settle for less, Im in excess. Foxy highlights here the fact that she wears expensive womens designer clothing that working class and middle-class individuals could not afford. Furthermore, the audience gets the message that Foxy earns millions of dollars from her rapping. She also admits she is not willing to settle down and start a family but would rather live in abundance of material goods on her own. A vast majority of the female artists mentioned owning luxurious products of mass consumption. Obviously, possession of extravagant material goods are crucial for many contemporary female artists. Material success, fame, and sexual satisfaction is their achieved American Dream. Similarly to male rap artists who glamorize life a of a pimp, these female artists present themselves as physically attractive to possible mates as well as in possession of goods that regular people do not and cannot acquire. This type and degree of overconfidence permeates throughout rap music and is common to both sexes of rappers. It illustrates artists abilities, or their dreams, to overcome obstacles (unattractiveness, lack of money) and eventually achieve (sexual and material) success. The partying, alcohol and drugs abuse is a frequent theme also in Sistas with Attitude rap music. In the overall sample of a sociologist and anthropologist Matthew Owares study of 44 female hip hop songs of the nineties, in each song there was an average of one-and a-half references made to alcohol or drugs. For instance, in her song Deeper, rapper called Boss refers to both alcohol and drug use. In these lyrics, Boss is indulging in a popular malt liquor, and also smokes chronic, a strong form of marijuana mixed cocaine. Another song by Queen Pen, Party Aint a Party, presents: Im tipsy from the cab, down the whole bottle of Henney/ Is you dealing with the cat thats blunted. Queen Pens alcohol is Seagrams Hennessy and blunted means being under the influence of marijuana. These female rappers refute the stereotype that women refrain from hard alcoholic drinks and illegal drugs. These women depict themselves as being equal to men by engaging in similar potentially harmful behaviors. Another feature of rap music that is often taken up by female rappers is disrespecting or dissin, which is the act of verbally insulting an opponent. Dissin allegedly has its origins in West Africa, among tribes such as the Efik in Nigeria and later could be found in early African-American oral traditions. Geneva Smitherman writes women rule when it comes to signifyingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦female rappers use this age-old rhetorical strategy to launch critical offensivesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Traces of such style can be found in the verse rapped by Heather B.: Fuck how much you sell cause, I read your album cover/You couldnt write a jam if your last name was Smucker. As jam may also mean a hit song she ridicules here the amount of records sold by her opponent while dissing his writing skills contrasting them with a popular food product brand Smuckers Jam. Most disrespecting attitudes were pointed at males who attempted to pursue women with pretentious tales of sexual gratification. While some rappers resorted to warning of the potential suitor who must approach them in a courteous manner or gets rejected, other rappers would openly ridicule males sex skills and their fear of womens sexuality. Considered to be one of the most overt and explicit rappers, Lil Kim in Hardcore rhymes: The sex was wack, a four stroke creepà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦/(later he asked) Could he come over right fast and fuck my pretty ass?/Ill pass, nigga dick was trash. The rapper sets here her own conditions for a sexual intercourse. She keeps men under control and reserves the right to choose her partner by assessing his sex skills. She also implies what is surely feared by most of the heterosexual males to be ridiculed by a woman for poor sex performance. Black males, in particular the ones who have been trying to conceal the image of an emasculated black man, may fee l highly sensitive about it. As many instances of male rap hits presented in the first chapter show that they tried to apply many strategies to regain their control over women. Boasting about their sexual hyper skills was a frequent topic. Gangsta Boo, a successful Sista with Attitude of the late nineties and early twenty first century, touches upon similar themes in her lyrics: Ha-ha, hey, Ladies check this out/ Well, let me tell this story about this nigga/ With a little dick but when its hard, hes swearin it (is) bigger/ Im not to be the one guess you aint got much to offer. Here, Gangsta Boo speaks directly to women about false male machismo. Boo, similarly to her counterpart Lil Kim sets the norms here and evaluates whether her possible mate lives up to her expectations. When finds out that the man is poorly endowed, she ridicules him in front of other women. Hence, as Tricia Rose writes we have women speaking to men, engaging in critiques of supposed male sexual prowess; in addition, they are speaking to other women about the failed attempts of these men to satisfy them sexually. These disses provide a female response to male rappers chauvinism, misogyny and bragging about their sexual potency. Similarly empowering themes also permeate throughout the songs and lyrics that present female sexuality. Several popular female rap artists depicted themselves as explicitly sexualized. Lil Kim in one of her songs vulgarly demonstrates her acting upon a partner and presents herself as not submissive in sexual relationship. She clearly rejects here the romantic archetype of a pure virgin who is overtaken by more experienced lover. Yet, Kim is not a ho, in hip hop vernacular, because her sexuality is not being exploited by her mate, she does not submit to his wants or desires for his satisfaction; rather she gains sexual gratification from this encounter. In hegemonic discourses surrounding womens sexuality, women are silenced or are not allowed to derive pleasure from sexual intercourse with males. Kim articulates her pleasure. Oware in his study notes also another explicitly sexual song of Lil Kims fellow sista Trina, where she raps: G-string make his dick stand/Make it quick then slow head by the night stand/See I fuck him in the living room/I make him eat it while my period on. Similarly to Lil Kim, Trina controls the sexual relationship with her male partners. Also, in her narrative, she makes her male partners perform oral sex while she is menstruating, a level of vulgarity that many heterosexual males would find mortifying. Although this new level of vulgarity was introduced mainly by Sistas with Attitude, similar motifs can be seen in the songs of before mentioned Fly Girls such as Salt-N-Pepa. Even though they characteristically had lyrics that empowered women, they also had lyrics where they sexualized themselves: I throw it like a pitcher, let my sex appeal hit ya/ Game so sharp that it split ya. The quoted single Gitty Up was released in 1998 which may imply that some Fly Girls opted to adjust to the common explicit, raunchy style of the late nineties and first decade of the twentieth century. Similar path was chosen by some representatives of Queen Mothers who also shared similar coarse style in some of their late nineties songs. MC Lyte in one of her Grammy-awarded songs raps about a ruffneck but she does not condemn his involvement in criminal activities there. Instead she assures her listeners what is her main interest: But he dont gotta be large to be in charge/Pumpin in and out and out and in and here we go/Hes got smack it, lick it, swallow it up style. As we can see in aforementioned examples, sexually explicit lyrics exist in second wave 1990s female rappers songs. Furthermore, some female pioneers who are known for songs espousing the positives of womanhood also employ overtly sexual lyrics in some of their songs during this time. They risked their well established, positive image by collaboration with the controversial, coarse style of rap which gained prominence recently. This contradiction potentially undermines any empowering messages that these rappers used to convey. Sistas With Attitude did not only present themselves in overly sexualized ways, but as stated before they also used language that would be considered derogatory and demeaning to women. The majority of the female artists in my sample referred to themselves or other women as bitches. Reclamation of bitch by female rappers may be perceived not only as a tool for self empowerment as Queen Mothers and Fly Girls would argue. The word metaphorically translates as a de meaning and derogatory word usually targeted towards women. However, the word holds multiple meanings in rap music, particularly in songs by female rappers. Whilst Fly Girls would explain the word denotes a positive and strong woman, Sistas with Attitude extend the definition to an assertive female who subverts patriarchal supremacy. In her song She is a Bitch, Missy Elliott uses the word bitch to describe a person with lyrical skills, who can motivate and excite an audience. Self-evident from the title, Da Baddest Bitch rapper, Trina, metaphorically speaking, expresses how she is the best at rhyming and sexual activities. Following in the tradition of the bad nigger tales of the late nineteenth century, these bad girls of hip hop present themselves as the best at their craft, although employing non-normative and masculine language. According to Rose in cases where females music departs from males there are more instances of empowering lyrics about women. Although these female rappers lyrics consist a lot of references to indulging in low entertainment as consumption of alcohol and drug, as well as engaging in disrespecting acts of verbal abuse, several songs found in the Billboard charts deal with more serious issues. There are songs that take into consideration domestic violence, female self-determination and power, and sexuality from the perspective of women. For instance, in her song, Eve casts a bright light on the matter that is seldom discussed in rap music and in the African American community domestic violence: How would you feel if she held you down and raped you?/What kind of love from a nigga would black your eye?/Smacked you down cause he said you was too tall for him, huh? Female rappers while talking about various issues also shared other similarities with male rappers, such as excessive use of v iolent lyrics. How could you beat the mother of your kids? In this song Eve argues from the standpoint of the victim. Her female friend is beaten, raped, and eventually killed by her abuser. In the song she asks the victim about why she stays with the oppressor and later she confronts him about his actions. In the end, Eve kills the abuser. Her song reverberates as a warning, alarming all women against becoming